Latin America Regional Knowledge Hub Course
Training
1 August 2016 to 15 August 2016
Lima, Peru
EITI Global Conference
Conference
23 February 2016 to 25 February 2016
Lima, Peru
Amidst Scandal and Crisis, A Way Forward For Resource Governance in Latin America
10 February 2015

Peru is a major mineral producer, particularly of gold and copper. The extractive industries generated 11 percent of gross domestic product and 64 percent of exports in 2011. While the petroleum industry is growing, the RGI has focused its analysis on the mining sector, which continues to play an outsize role in Peru's economy. Without a Natural Resource Funds to insulate against price shocks, the nation's economy is vulnerable to fluctuations in global commodity prices. Peru privatized its state-owned mining companies in 1991, and the industry since has attracted considerable investment.

Peru's Performance on the Resource Governance Index

Peru received a "satisfactory" score of 73, ranking 11th out of 58 countries. A high Institutional & Legal Setting score was offset by relatively poor performance on the Enabling Environment component.

Rank
(out of 58)		   Score
(out of 100)
11 Composite Score 73
2 Institutional & Legal Setting 88
Freedom of information law 100
Comprehensive sector legislation 100
EITI participation 100
Independent licensing process 100
Environmental and social impact assessments required 100
Clarity in revenue collection 100
Comprehensive public sector balance 0
SOC financial reports required N/A
Fund rules defined in law N/A
Subnational transfer rules defined in law 100
6 Reporting Practices 83
Licensing process 67
Contracts 100
Environmental and social impact assessments 100
Exploration data 100
Production volumes 100
Production value 67
Primary sources of revenue 67
Secondary sources of revenue 40
Subsidies 33
Operating company names 100
Comprehensive SOC reports N/A
SOC production data N/A
SOC revenue data N/A
SOC quasi fiscal activities N/A
SOC board of directors N/A
Fund rules N/A
Comprehensive fund reports N/A
Subnational transfer rules 100
Comprehensive subnational transfer reports 100
Subnational reporting of transfers 100
27 Safeguards & Quality Controls 56
Checks on licensing process 56
Checks on budgetary process 33
Quality of government reports 67
Government disclosure of conflicts of interest 0
Quality of SOC reports N/A
SOC reports audited N/A
SOC use of international accounting standards N/A
SOC disclosure of conflicts of interest N/A
Quality of fund reports N/A
Fund reports audited N/A
Government follows fund rules N/A
Checks on fund spending N/A
Fund disclosure of conflicts of interest N/A
Quality of subnational transfer reports 83
Government follows subnational transfer rules 100
17 Enabling Environment 55
Corruption (TI Corruption Perceptions Index & WGI control of corruption) 54
Open Budget (IBP Index) 85
Accountability & democracy (EIU Democracy Index & WGI voice and accountability) 57
Government effectiveness (WGI) 47
Rule of law (WGI) 32
  Satisfactory   Weak
  Partial   Failing
To explore all data and compare
scores, use the RGI Data Tool.

Institutional & Legal Setting (Rank: 2nd/58, Score: 88/100) learn more

Peru received a "satisfactory" score of 88, the product of a comprehensive legal framework and extensive disclosure policies.

The Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico (INGEMMET) grants mining concessions through an administrative process that verifies land has not been previously claimed. It is open to all companies. There are no contract negotiations, but companies can sign voluntary investment contracts in exchange for tax breaks.

The Organismo Supervisor de la Inversión en Energía y Minería (OSINERGMIN) regulates the industry. Companies pay the government taxes, royalties, and fees at rates fixed by legislation. The Superintendencia Nacional de Administración Tributaria, the national tax agency, collects mining royalties and taxes, and places them in the treasury; INGEMMET collects fees.

Peru requires environmental impact assessments, including a social impact component, and makes the results public. Mining legislation is published, and Peru recently passed a freedom of information law to promote transparency in all public institutions. In 2012 it became the first Latin American country to achieve Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) compliant status.

Reporting Practices (Rank: 6th/58, Score: 83/100) learn more

Peru's government provides comprehensive information on most aspects of the mining industry, resulting in a "satisfactory" score of 83.

Licensing requests are published before decisions are made. Once awarded, licenses must be listed in the Official Gazette before concessions take effect. The Energy and Mines Ministry's website publishes voluntary "stability contracts" and "contracts for investment in exploration" between mining companies and the government.

The Economy and Finance Ministry publishes semiannual reports on production volumes, prices, and royalties received. Reporting by the Energy and Mines Ministry is more comprehensive, including monthly data on reserves, export values, company-by-company production, and revenue streams. Peru's central bank provides information on mineral production, prices, and exports; OSINERGMIN, the regulator, publishes no information. Peru's EITI reports contain information on disaggregated revenues, individual production stream values, and subnational transfers.

Safeguards & Quality Controls (Rank: 27th/58, Score: 56/100) learn more

Peru's "partial" score of 56 reflects critical gaps in government oversight of the mining industry and an incomplete review process for resource revenues.

Peru's legislature does not review mining concessions and there are no clear limits on INGEMMET's discretion in granting licenses. Officials involved in extractive industry oversight need not disclose their financial interests in the sector. National accounts are audited by national audit authorities, but the legislature reviews neither mining receipts nor audit reports.

Enabling Environment (Rank: 17th/58, Score: 55/100) learn more

Peru received a "partial" score of 55, the result of a high global ranking for budgetary openness but a much lower score for the rule of law.

Subnational Transfers (Rank: 2nd/30, Score: 97/100) learn more

Peru has several mechanisms for transferring funds to local governments. Half of mining companies' income taxes are distributed as "mining canon" payments to fund infrastructure development projects. Mining royalties also are transferred from the treasury to municipal and regional governments in mineral-producing areas, with a small percentage going to national universities; fees are divided among local governments, INGEMMET, and the Energy and Mines Ministry. The rules for revenue sharing are defined by legislation and published, and the Economy and Finance Ministry and local governments disclose the amounts of the transfers. Mining companies also contribute directly to local development projects through social funds and voluntary contributions to the Programa Minero de Solidaridad con el Pueblo.

View full questionnaire for Peru
Download questionnaire for Peru

 

Composite Score

73

INSTITUTIONAL & LEGAL SETTING

88

REPORTING PRACTICES

83

SAFEGUARDS & QUALITY CONTROLS

56

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT

55

To explore all data and compare country scores, use the RGI Data Tool.

Key Economic Indicators

Year 2000 2005 2011
Population (million) 25.86 27.56 29.40
GDP (constant 2011 international $ billion) 68.0 89.9 176.9
GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2005 international $) 5,543 6,387 9,037
Oil and gas revenues (% total government revenue)   0 0
Extractive exports (% total exports) 46 60 64
Sources: Oil and gas revenue as share of total government revenue from the Economist Intelligence Unit and the International Monetary Fund. All other data form the World Bank.

Peru in Detail

Full Peru Profile PDF
     (Spanish)
EITI Reports & Analysis
Transparency Snapshot
Extractive Industries



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